‘Jumping genes’ drive many cancers

‘Jumping genes’ drive many cancers

Mistakes in DNA are known to drive cancer growth. But a new study, from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, heavily implicates a genetic phenomenon commonly known as “jumping genes” in the growth of tumors.

The study is published March 29 in the journal Nature Genetics.

Since jumping genes aren’t mutations — mistakes in the letters of the DNA sequence — they can’t be identified by traditional cancer genome sequencing. As such, this study opens up new lines of research for future cancer therapies that might target such genes.

Jumping genes, which scientists call transposable elements, are short sections of the DNA sequence that have been incorporated randomly into the genome over the long course of human evolution. The evolutionary histories of jumping genes are the subject of much current research, but viral infection is thought to play an important role in their origins.

Researchers led by Ting Wang, PhD, the Sanford C. and Karen P. Loewentheil Distinguished Professor of Medicine, have plumbed genomic databases, looking specifically for tumors whose jumping genes are driving cancer growth.

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Cancer cells switch to fast food

Researchers find epigenetic loss that changes how cells obtain energy from cancer

It has been known for decades that cancer cells have an altered metabolism, and it is seen in several biochemical pathways and in particular, in the way they get energy for their survival.

If healthy cells use the mitochondrial respiratory chain, tumors use aerobic glycolysis, a process that allows them to take energy quickly but depending on glucose. This phenomenon - known as the Warburg effect - is caused by several changes that take place during cell transformation.

Now, a new article describes an epigenetic injury found in human tumours which creates this altered path to take energy from the cancer. The study, published in Journal of Clinical Investigation Insight, is a new research carried out by the group led by Manel Esteller, professor of Genetics of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences of the University of Barcelona (UB), ICREA researcher, coordinator of the Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program at IDIBELL, and director of the Josep Carreras Institute.

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